Obesity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 7

obesity - Es order ExampleApart from the social stigma that one may have to suffer, the health implications of obesity are much more expensive. According to Crawford (para, 2), 20% of community of all but fifteen states in the USA are obese and this number is increase by the day. We all need to protect ourselves from obesity.B. Reason for listening Obesity is becoming more and more ballpark in the society and most of us have had or will have to deal with this make do either in ourselves or in people we love and care about. According to Childhood Obesity Facts (Para 1) obesity among children has doubled over the last thirty years. Obesity is not just a ethnical issue, it is not just about the physical looks but rather it is a matter health.C. credibility Credibility I have had some of my friends who have been affected by this issue. I can confidently say that I have experienced firsthand (or at least second had) the issues affecting obesity. Obesity is a cruel thing to deal with (Maureen).D. Enumerated Preview Obesity is a serious issue with so legion(predicate) factors surrounding it. In this forum though, I wish to discuss three major issues which are minded(p) with regard to the issue of obesity. These issues include, light eating habit (fast food culture), laziness (lack of physical activities), and poverty which makes it harder for poor families to afford healthy food.II. The human body has its natural mechanisms of dealing with various issues. As disused above, when an psyche takes in carbohydrates (energy-giving-foods), the extra energy is converted and stored in the form of plenteous thus resulting in fat accumulation. This means that people can reduce fat accumulation through exercise to burn the stored fats. there are vicarious ways of exercising which includeIII. Poverty is probably at the apex of the issues influencing increasing rates of obesity in the United States as statistics show that poorer families are at a higher(prenominal) risk of obesity than those which are economically

Delphi Technique of Forecasting Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Delphi Technique of Forecasting - Case probe ExampleThere after results argon tabulated and issues raised are identified one by one. This dance step helps the planner to carefully study the various important issues to be addressed in the next round. It needs to be mentioned here that it is the same questionnaire that is given to all the experts in the circuit card. These days the questionnaire is sent through mail. like a shot we come to the second round where the planar tries to hold a meeting with all the experts together and the results of the questionnaire are then return the experts. There are issues where experts agree where as there are some other issues on which they disagree. It is carefully noted by the planner and a general consensus is reached.Finally we come to the third base round where the various factors are reevaluated by everyone together and the issues are carefully discussed. In this particular Delphi regularity group judgments are more important than indiv idual judgments.Information processing. The experts collect the answers in the form of questionnaires and comments. The gore head controls the exchange of ideas among the experts by processing the data and deleting the unnecessary content. Usually the experts engage in disagreements during the panel reciprocation and hence it has negative effect.Anonymity of participants. ... Regular Feedback The experts give comments on their own forecasts and it is very oftentimes valued by the planner. Anonymity of participants. There is complete anonymity of the participants because the nature of the experts might vary and during the discussion they may try to bully others or some not voice their opinion due to attention of opposition.Role of the facilitator. The role of the facilitator is very important during the discussion among the experts. He interprets the various view points raised by the participants and comes to a conclusion. Uses of Delphi Method in forecastingThe Delphi method is very useful in the field of attainment & technology. Since my brass instrument is into a wideband connection it is particularly very helpful in analyzing the market. The researcher of my organization through his questionnaire has tries to find out the demand of various broadband connection plans across the length and bigness of the country since India has a huge market which needs to be covered by the internet mesh the feedback given by the participants becomes very valuable to the company. The feedback highlighted various issues on which the experts agreed i.e. the example the different broadband scheme to suit everybodys budget. But they disagreed as to the pricing of the various connection plans. But however a general consensus was reached in the final round and the outcome was positive. The Delphi method however has its drawbacks and may not be always as accurate as it states but the method is not at fault quite the reporting or the interpretation of the feedback taken from the participants may not necessarily give us the genuine picture as to the future predictions. The

Research paper feelings repression through sex and other addictions

Feelings repression through sex and other dependencys based on the hunch in the time of cholera. character analysis - Research Paper ExampleThis particular bet of Marquez has been say an eccentric sexual enjoy narrative where the veneraters unite at the end of original around 51 years and 9 months later when they are in the last stage of their life. Florentino Ariza, the main character, has been portrayed as an obsessive lover who vows to stay faithful to Fermina Daza but indulges into a spree of sexual encounters with hundreds of women. This paper aims at proving that Florentinos countless affairs were an escape route and his method of suppressing the repressed feelings and void that he felt up after being rejected by Fermina. Love in the Time of Choleras story revolves around the couple Florentino Ariza and Fermina Daza who fall in love during their early teens but eventually get free because Fermina choses to marry a more suit suitable match Dr. Juvenal Urbino (Pelayo 1 35). The backdrop of the setting and location has been kept a mystery in the novel and the only aspect that is revealed is that the country is plagued by Cholera. In this way, the author has compared love to a unhealthiness that like any other illness can have a forceful impact on an individual if the feelings are not welcomed and respected. Florentino Ariza can be easily categorized as a hypocrite and a liar since he vows for eternal fidelity and everlasting love to Fermina contempt his countless affairs but actually he is a marrow-broken man who sought to mend his heart through love (Marquez 50). Sex, in this novel, is not used in its erotic concept but symbolizes a medicine which Florentino used to overcome his pain that Ferminas rejection and eventual marriage caused to him. It is the struggle to eliminate the feelings of void, loneliness, expiry and pain that overcome the otherwise faithful and devoted psycheality of Florentino (Fahy 23). The treatment of love as a diseas e becomes clear when Florentino falls in love with Fermina and the symptoms of both the disease and love match. His examination revealed that he had no fever, no pain anywhere, and that his only concrete feeling was an urgent desire to die and these were declared as so much as the devastation of cholera (Marquez 62). Here the term devastation is of the essence(predicate) to acknowledge since at another point later in the novel, Florentino states that he and Fermina fell into devastating love (Marquez 68). This shows the authors intention of presenting love as a form of plague or disease which if not treated timely can produce unfavorable results or compel a person to behave in a drastic manner. When Marquez compares love with cholera, he attempted to present sex and addiction to love as a cure or healing mechanism for Florentino due to which he was able to survive (Koenig 131). Getting involved with other women was his way of taking refuge from the otherwise painful scenario where his love Fermina was enjoying a blissful married life with her husband while he had to suffer in solitude. The novel Love in the Time of Cholera is set in an era when cholera was actually a devastating disease that had no regard for color and background (Panisset 125). Therefore, the similarity shared by love and a disease like cholera is explicitly narrated by Marquez. Just like Urbino was trying to hap the cure for cholera in the same way Florentinos obsession towards women shows his search for the cure of his heartache. Florentino is a character who is deeply in love with Ferm

How do large-scale forces shape and constrain people's intimate lives Essay

How do large-scale forces shape and constrain peoples intimate lives - Essay vitrineMuta other(a)wise known as marriage of pleasure or atypical marriage is a pragmatic solution practiced by Shiite Muslims in Iran (Shahla). This arrange manpowert permits an unmarried wo cosmos and an unmarried man to fill intimate relationships. The contract is practical since it is usually encouraged for individuals who do not have necessitates for a binding permanent conjugal arrangement. For instance, widowed or divorced Shiites may have this convenient extract when they prefer to enjoy momentary intimacies. Moreover, this is also ideal for men who do not have overmuch financial, psychological, as well as moral means to enter permanent marriage. For example, instead of sacrificing moral standards and wound from taboos and social stigma by engaging in premarital sex, a man can have a sanctioned relationship through temporary marriage. This kind of social viewpoint is most belike inspired by the changes brought about by industrialization, globalisation, as well as economy. With the modernization comes the evolution of convictions and dematerialization of traditionalistic principles. Nowadays, what is right is what works. Globalization has also affected this change in a way that cautious norms are challenged by more(prenominal) liberal foreign standards. In addition, with the economic crises in various areas and intervals, temporary marriage seems to be more sensible than ceremonially lavishing on an extensive yet unsure matrimony. there is no much commemorating and luxurious rituals for it. In the face of economic pressure, temporary marriage is more logical since there are lesser expenses.... There is no much commemorating and luxurious rituals for it. In the face of economic pressure, temporary marriage is more logical since there are lesser expenses. Similarly, globalization has made it mathematical for Vietnams to engage in transpacific marriages. Globalizatio n rapidly opened impersonal markets of capital, goods and labor, and in colligation with these markets, it also opened a rather personal market of emotions and marriages (Constable 149). This social change made it possible for locals to have a way out from the marriage squeeze crisis which is due to an extremely low manful to female ration in Vietnam. By getting in touch with Vietnamese males in other countries like the US and Australia, women can have more marriage prospects. In addition, transpacific marriages is also an inviting option for galore(postnominal) women due to economic benefits. Normally, men living in other countries have higher economic billet and earn in profitable currencies. Hence, transpacific marriages is made possible through globalization and poses advantages regarding pecuniary challenges. Another let out which is affected by large-scaled changes is masculinity. This aspect has varied interpretations. One common view is associated with aggression, indep endence, or vitality. Penny, like Kate, relies on notion of masculinity as active, not passive (Elliot 52). This is more of a cliched belief that associates men with the stereotypical attribute of brute strength and assertiveness. Some mothers think that sons need more independent of their mothers than daughters do (Elliot 52). Similarly, stereotypical mind-sets consider women to be dependent

Definition and Meaning of Leadership Research Paper

Definition and Meaning of Leadership - Research Paper ExampleMoreover, Kurt Lewin specify leadershiphip as the manner and approach of providing direction, implementing plans, and motivating people (271-299). In the Army, leadership is defined as influencing people by providing purpose, direction, motivation while operating to accomplish the mission and improving the organization.According to Patterns of raptorial Behaviours, there was a company of researchers that identified different styles of leadership (271-299). Lewins study recognized there major styles of leadership that befuddle been very influential 1) autocratic, 2) democratic, and 3) delegate. Groups of school children were allotted to one or three sort outs where researchers have observed their behaviors in response to the different styles of leadership.The autocratic or authoritarian leadership is well use to conditions where there is limited time for group decision-making and the leader is the most educated and ex perienced member of the group (Lewin, 271-299). There is a clear distinction between the role of the leader and the followers. Authoritarian leaders assume independent decisions with very little or no input from the rest of the group of what needs to be done when it should be done, and how it should be done. Thus, it was concluded by researchers that decision-making in authoritarian leadership was less creative. Lewin express that moving from an authoritarian style to a democratic style is more difficult than vice versa. The maltreatment of this kind of leadership is viewed as controlling, bossy and dictatorial. The authoritarian style is usually used by leaders when employees need close supervision to carry out certain tasks. It occurs when leaders tell their employees what they want doing and accomplished, without getting the opinion of their followers. According to Lewin, participative leadership or the democratic kind, on the other(a) hand, has a leader who encourages group members to participate and give their inputs (271-299). Lewin observed that members of the participative group were less productive than the members of the authoritarian group through the inputs were of high quality and the members feel much more motivated and creative. A participative leadership style is where the leader, including one or more employees, are engaged in the decision-making process. Normally, this happens when the leader has a part of the information and the employees have the other parts. The leader and the employees work closely together to accomplish certain tasks. However, the leader maintains the final decision-making authority which the employees must(prenominal) learn to respect.

Physician Credentialing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Physician Credentialing - Assignment ExampleInformation submitted by either applicant should be thoroughly examined and cross-checked to ascertain h wizsty and experience of such an applicant. The education background should be verified by checking all(prenominal) certificates presented. It should be ensured that the resume is consistent with the age of the applicant since some applicants could deliver to fake their resumes hoping not to be noted. This is important as it helps to ensure that applicants impart have gone by formal education and qualified in whatever fields they applied. This information will be got by certificates and also through contacting the education institutions stated on the resumes.History of the practice of applicants is also important. This is the period that an applicant has been in practice. The medical field is not one whereby applicants work on probability but found on being sure of what they are doing. Hence, every hospital that an applicant claim s to have practiced should be contacted and letters or recommendation reviewed. Conduct history is one other thing that thing that will not be overlooked (Matzka, 2007). An applicant needs to come with a certificate of good grapple showing that he/she has maintained integrity throughout the period of practice. Any penalty that an applicant has suffered in the course of practice is reviewed and the reason behind ascertained.At Rural Outreach Community Hospital, any applicant is interpreted through a thorough scrutiny that ensures that they meet all the laid down procedures of approval. As the one in charge, I would ensure that there is a procedural interview process through which all applicants are taken through. There would be a practical exam where a hand on experience is checked by a qualified professional.After this, the applicants who qualify are not leased on permanent basis but are first hired as interns. During this internship period, their performance is

Social Network Website Design & Justification 2 Assignment

societal Network Website Design & Justification 2 - Assignment ExampleAs it is clear, the user is captivated by the message at the top. They leave feel compelled to be part of life savers.After the user is secure that the signup put to work is simple, it should follow this and be simple as suggested. On clicking link that will lead them to the signup stage, the client should have a good and simple experience in the signup. This should be shown by the way the signup process takes place.As can be seen in puzzle out 2, the sign up process is simple and does not take much of the time. It does not require a lot of details from the client. Just simple facts that is indispensable in the SignUp process.There should also be use of attractive design objects. Most young users bid flashy and attractive sites. They are attracted to things that are beautiful. This could be in the beginning of the web paginate.In figure 3, there is an addition of some graphics that will captivate the user into signing up for the service. By the use the dove, the user will have a feeling that it is for a good cause. The use of the dove has found prominence in religious procedures to signify sympathy and care.The wireframe shown in figure 4 shows a simple way of gramification. This figure shows how the web page can motivate someone to donate breed. younker social site users like such interesting things that will motivate them into registering and filling out the form. This page can be put in the beginning of the website.Another issue is that of giving simple golf links that are easy to find. This way, the user will not find it hard to get the link that will lead them to the site that they are to register. In figure 4, the user will click on the images in order to undertake the registration. In the design of the website, there is a need to include the various types of users and blood donors.From figure 5, the users have been categorized so that it is easier to categorize users in reg ard to the frequency in which they call back the site. It follows a simple design structure

Jackson Pollock's Convergence as Fine Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

capital of Mississippi Pollocks Convergence as Fine Art - Essay ExampleThe paper capital of Mississippi Pollocks Convergence as Fine Art concerns the artwork of Jackson Pollok. In 1973, his 1952 painting of Blue Poles was purchased by the Australian regimen for an outstanding amount of US$2 millionthat time the highest price ever paid for a contemporary work of art. His paintings are currently valued up to US$40 million. Only whole shebang by Rembrandt, Velazquez and da Vinci had commanded more respect and higher prices in the art market. Another of Pollocks most well-known pieces is Convergence (1952, oil on canvas, 93 1/2 x clv inches, exhibited in the Albright-Knox Art Gallery, Buffalo, New York). The Springbok Company introduced Convergence as a fretsaw aim in 1965. The 340-piece jigsaw puzzle was billed as the worlds most difficult jigsaw puzzle as hundreds of thousands of Americans struggled to piece together the reproduction of Pollocks complex art. As Jackson Pollock ro se to fame and to a significant reputation in the world of art, some critics argued whether his paintings were really art, or just mere paint drips on canvas. The seemingly simple act Pollock performed fuelled controversies and kick downstairs the public opinion. His masterworks triggered discussions whether his style was raw genius or was his work an arbitrary composition of paint brought almost by a drunken state. The definition of art is frequently the issue of debate and argument. What constitutes its nature and qualities is a complicated matter. Who is authorized to define art is also a subject of disputations.

The Importance of play in Childrens Cognitive and Emotional Literature review

The Importance of make in Childrens Cognitive and Emotional Development - Literature review ExampleThese section discuses the concept of mutant makes children vulnerable to beliefs that in case they are exposed to most things. The have a higher probability of embracing chances of more preparedness (OConnor & Ammen, 2012). The elements are more susceptible to success promises and full preparation presented by special enrichment programs based on added anxiety regarding the childrens inability to predict the future adequately. Even though people are not in a position of assuring the kinds of skills needed, there are obvious character traits that produce children with a capacity of navigating within complex worlds while growing. The traits are inclusive of competence, impudence or mastery of the environment as well as deep-seated connectedness.Such children can parcel out to others through creating the safety, security, and love which other children thrive in. Additionally, the ar t of resilience allows them to remain optimistic while forward ability to rebound adversity while young people require essential character traits such(prenominal) as honesty, decency, generosity, compassion, and tenacity. Children have a higher likelihood of gaining these essential resiliency traits in home environments where parents and children bare(a) time to collect together (Pellegrini, 2011). The goal is to focus on each other to achieve unequivocal support, as well as unconditional love. Most families have higher success rates in navigating wider scopes of commitments in the absence of sacrificing high-quality time for parent-child involvement. However, the families ability involves an ability to maintain important parent-child time without compromising the speed lifestyle. The families over-schedule leading emotional competencies to achieve well-buffered children (Saracho, 2012).This section argues that play has integral executive functions among children is that it impro ves the

Supply Chain Design Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Supply Chain Design Paper - Essay ExampleThis target be seen as both advantageous and disadvantageous. Advantages of Riordans manufacturing st vagabondgy Increases quality There is one major advantage with imply to this manufacturing strategy is the ability to adjoin the precision of the manufacturing process. upliftedly customised goods processes make it easier to increase quality as the employees allow master the functions and ensure they are able to produce perfect proceedss. Meeting case-by-case involve of individual clients Customisation means that each customer can get a crossroad that directly and closely meets their needs (Fogliatto & Silveira, 2011). However, sures involved in kitty manufacturing find it harder to be able to customise their products to individual customer needs. However, with opposition increasing and making it harder for firms to compete for the customers, it is necessary to increase the rates of satisfaction in customers. Mass customisation is an hear to make mass production as customer customised as possible. It is looking at the needs of the customer as closely as possible and making sure that customers will get a product which is as close to their needs as possible. Mass customisation therefore increases customer satisfaction and this makes the firm much competitive in the market. Disadvantages Increased costs Customisation makes it is easier to deliver to the customers products they want but at an increased cost. In manufacturing, the biggest issue is that defects costs the firm a lot. It is the dream of every manufacturer to reduce the defect rate to as low as it can be possible so as to help the firm will not have losses. Every faulty product is a loss to the firm because defective products cannot be sold. Mass customisation has the disadvantage of increasing the defect rates and therefore increasing the losses associated with the defects. apart from increased defects rates making costs to go higher, mass custom isation increases the cost of producing a single product (Chandra & Kamrani, 2011). In other words, even in the absence of the issue of defects rates, customized manufacturing is not as cost in force(p) as the mass production. Increasing the costs will mean that the firm will have to increase the prices of the product, and this may deny the firm the competitive edge in the market. Cannot be achieved wholly Mass customisation is usually a compromise that the firm has to make, and there is never a time where the firm will be able to fully customize the products. In regard to this, firm has to understand that not all products can be customised. In fact, as Blecke (2005) says, not all products need to be customized. Mass customisation only work where the product end customer is a mass buy. In cases where the end buyer is the individual, it becomes much harder to mass customize, and it becomes very impossible to meet the individual needs of millions of customers. Mass customisation i s therefore an idea that is simple in theory and difficult in practice. In this regard, it is important to be able to understand that mass customisation may only be a hype which needs to be looked at critically. Flowchart Metrics to estimate performance Issue Concern Impact Meeting customer needs It meets the customer needs laid-back Cost management The costs associated with is are not prohibitive High Applicability It is applicable High Relevance It is relevant for the product High Market outlook It improves the market outlook Medium In the above metric, the most important thing is to determine whether the costs incurred in

Rthur Anderson Scandal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Rthur Anderson Scandal - adjudicate ExampleThis helped the firm to grow and ended up being one of the companies serving the greatest issue forth of clients in the U.S. Those who worked with Andersen were aw atomic number 18 of his motto Think straight, talk straight. Andersen also played a big image in upping the standards in the U.S. accounting industry. Addition whollyy, he was involved in innovation of new accounting standards that are still being used today. Andersen was active in social activities that also got involved in openhearted organization as well in promotion of education. The firm spent large amounts of money into facts of life new recruits (Martin and Arthur 127). This was crucial in stressing the social clubs morals and its consistency around in offer and performing services. The community was admired by many people for the high morals exhibited. He became plain more popular when he refused to engage in a fraud case when one of his gravid clients presented flawed accounting records. He chose to lose the client rather than committing fraud, as was the wish of the client. This had a positively charged impact since it increased his reputation and that of the company. Greed Begins During the 1980s, the company started experiencing internal friction. Then, there were two divisions making up the firm. These were the consulting division and the audit division. The latter was much more established although consulting was then growing much fast than any other portion of the company (Ferrell et al. 327). This unequal growth of the departments led to the conflict arising since the consulting division entangle that they needed a bigger share of the firms profits. As a result, there were disputes amidst both divisions, with each side citing the other as being greedy and unfair. Both the audit and the consulting divisions were fundamentally separate companies. The consulting firm was under the ownership of Andersen. It paid a percentage of thei r earnings to the parent company (Ferrell et al. 329). Later, Andersen established a nonher consulting division within his company. This new division competed with the other consulting department and this enabled them to retain all the earnings. Later the two sides split, forming separate companies. Fraud begins Andersen was involved in many cases, all of which he was impeach of committing accounting fraud. Some of these companies included Sunbeam, Baptist Founding of Arizona, Quest Communication, Waste Management and Global Crossing. Surprisingly, Andersen was able to see all these claims without withdrawting any existence of fraud. In case the claims got more serious and had nothing but to admit to fraud, the company put the blame on a few corrupt partners. However, the increased fraud cases were not favorable to the company as they were tarnishing the name of Andersen. Analysis It is clear that the continued unpunished behavior of the companys activities led to a snowball effe ct that resulted in increased corruption at a high level. The accounting fraud issues had started small in the past. The activities went on unchecked until the management pushed the limits of the fraudulent deeds (Ferrell et al. 317). For a long time Andersen was generally viewed by many people as the symbol for legality and honesty. Thus, most of these people thought that these fraudulent activities were not occurring at the high level of the firm. The Enron Scandal Enron participation was a global energy, commodities

Chinese Women's Attitude toward Intimate Partner Violence and Domestic Term Paper

Chinese Womens Attitude toward Intimate Partner Violence and Domestic Violence - full term Paper ExampleChina accounts for 21% of the worlds population (1300) and studies reported prevalence of IPV against women ranged from 13% to 37% in urban areas and 7% to 66% in rural areas (Wang et al. p.533), the characteristics of the Chinese DV and IPV problem and great deals response toward these problem serves to be of focal importance. China was a patriarchal society for an enormous history. The traditional gender expectation for a Chinese woman is to have absolute obedience, loyalty and fear to her father, husband and even sons. Chinese mens superiority and womens inferiority were heavily imbed in many aspects of social life. Until nowadays, individuals and publics perceptions of DV and IPV are shaped by this traditional patriarchal ideology (Sun et al. p. 217,Yanqiu et al. p. 1307). But in Western societies, especially for developed countries like the U.S, womens movement from the 1 8 century had enhanced individual awareness and public consciousness of womens sound and thus shapes the attitudes toward DV and IPV (Sun et al. 2010, p. 217). Beca economic consumption of the cultural differences between China and western societies, the reasons account for DV and IPV is quite different too, for example, instruction open that in-law conflict is one of the major ca aims for DV and IPV because most of the Chinese married couples live with their in-law (Chan 2010). As far as the research conducted on domestic frenzy is concerned Sun et al, 2010, conducted a field of battle which aimed to analyze the attitude that individuals adopted towards the police response as far as domestic violence is concerned. Ivan et al. made use of a precedent that comprised of a survey questionnaire that contains about a 100 items which were administered to university students. The sample comprised of making use of a total of 654 students from China and America and by the use of purpos ive-and convenient try methods looked to analyze the difference in their reactions and perceptions. Sun et al. conducts research on the topic by making use of a number of variables, the dependent ones having two measures which denote the attitude of the individuals towards the police as either proactive or traditional as far as domestic violence was concerned. The independent variables used were those that had to do with the background characteristics, experiences, and attitudes as far as gender role and violence was concerned. The data gathered was examine by means of a bivariate and a multivariate analysis. The research design used was to begin with qualitative descriptive in nature as the means of data gathering was through the use of questionnaire and surveys that was distributed. The adaptation of a descriptive qualitative research method was one that was most frequently anchor in the numerous studies conducted on the topic of domestic violence. We see Chan et al, 2010, con duct a similar study based on a qualitative design, which although did not approach the topic by highlighting break differences of individuals from different geographical locations but aimed to analyze the aspect childhood sexual abuse by pore primarily on Hong Kong. The sample incorporated of households that were through random selection used as a part of the representative population study that was conducted. The sample size was also comparatively larger with everyplace 1154 respondents, who were 16 or above and could speak English. They majority of the sample was male whereas 46% were female, with a change level of education. The sample was interviewed

Bio answeres Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Bio answeres - Essay ExampleIn the same way, the latitude and longitude of northern atomic number 25 the source of Mississippi River is 43 34N to 49 23N and 89 34W to 97 12W.The elevation of northern Minnesota is among 900 and 1100 feet while that of the Gulf of Mexico south of New Orleans is at sea level (0). The change in gradient is zero. Some of the significant tributaries of Mississippi River include Ohio River, Red River, Arkansas River, and Snake River., St. Croix River, Minnesota River, fresh River, Kaskaskia River, and Missouri River, as well as Des Moines River (Scott, 2010).The Holocene commenced at the end of the Pleistocene (11,700 calendar long time BP), and continues to date. The Holocene consists of the growth and impacts of the human species globally, for instance, all its written history and development of major civilizations, as well as the overall transition towards urban living currently (Walker et al., 2009). The effect of humans of the modern era on Erath to gether with its ecosystems can be regarded of universal significance for future living species evolution. The major events of the Holocene were the recessation of the Quaternary nut Age that led to the number 1 of the current interglacial, which is the rise of human civilization formation of the Sahara from the savannah commencement of agriculture the Stone Age cultures gave way to the Bronze Age (3300BC) as well as the push Age (1200BC). This gave rise to numerous prehistoric across the globe even though climate has been fairly stable over the Holocene, from 1400 to 1850, the Little Ice Age caused a momentary cooling in the northerly Hemisphere due to industrial revolution, the atmospheric carbon dioxide levels increased from about 270 parts per million garishness to the current volume of 410 parts per million volume (Roberts, 1998).The recorded weather data for Houston, Texas for January 24, 2015 predicted

Claims for Damages Arising from the Tort of Negligence Essay

Cl involves for Damages Arising from the Tort of inattention - Essay ExampleThe paper tells that in law, any person who has suffered waiver or deformity has a likelihood of receiving wages from making a claim of that loss or trauma if it can be proved that the loss or injury suffered was partly or wholly as a proceeds of negligent omissions or commissions of certain acts (s) of other party or person. The compensation is aimed at not inevitably making up fully for what had happened to the person but rather to enable the injured party go bad on with his/her life with less difficulty. If appropriate, claims should be make for restitution that arise from a given situation. In the UK, there is legislative provision governing in the flesh(predicate) injury and loss as well as change for ad hominem Injury and non-pecuniary loss. Consultation Paper No 140. Damages, in law, are defined as an award often in form of monetary consideration paid to a person who has suffers injury or loss as compensation. Compensation is crucial in almost circumstances since the loss or injury suffered has possibly changed the king of a person to undertake normal duties or activities hence limiting the ability of that person to meet his or her needs. For instance, compensation is vital in an event that a person has suffered a disability. Also, compensation can make a significant difference to life of person(s) who has lost a telling in an accident by providing financial support to the person(s). Besides, compensation is in approximately cases necessary to broth medical care for an injury or illness that is ongoing and was caused by the accident in question. Moreover, compensation or damages is essential in making up for earnings that may have been acquire due to an accident caused by another person due to negligence hence denying the person who has suffered the loss ability to earn money to pay his or her bills.4 In order to appropriately advise Cheryl, Lizzie, David and Bellisima friendship on whether they have claim/claims for damages arising out of the scenario, and against whom they would make such claims, it is important to understand some aspects of damages that relate to their scenario. First, in their scenario, in an event that their claims become successful they will be empower to compensatory damages, that is, they will be paid to compensate them for financial loss and injury suffered from the accident. There are twain major types of damages namely general damages and special damages.5 General damages are those that aim at compensating the claimant(s) for the specific injury suffered which is of non- monetary nature. These damages are only awarded in claims that have been made by person(s) who have suffered personal injury for instance, on personal injury caused by negligence of another party.6 Example of general damages include disfigurement, impairment of physical or mental capacity, physical or emotional suffering and pain, loss of e njoyment of life, and loss of companionship among others.7 It is imperative to point out that quantifying these damages may prove difficult and judges mostly base awards on amount placed on similar cases previously. Therefore, how do the courts quantify personal injury claims? As has been noted, such quantification is not easy and most judges rely on similar previous cases to award. In the UK, solicitors in most cases refer personal injury as general damages for suffering and pain. Just like most judges, they quantify personal injury claims based on previous awards on similar cases made by the courts.8 The following factors egest quantification of personal injury claims one, the extent and nature of the injuries suffered consideration will be made on similarities of the injuries of the case in hand and cases that are similar and had been decided by courts previously.9 Normally, the extent of the injury usually corresponds to the damages awarded that is, greater injuries will result to greater awards. Since quantifications are based on precedence, decisions of higher courts are ever binding to the lower

Intercultural Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Intercultural Relations - Essay ExampleHowever, critics believe otherwise. Pointing to its anarchic and competitive character (Cox 2), they quite see globalization an exploitative phenomenon (Prempeh 586) that has often perpetuated poverty, widened material inequalities, increased ecological degradation, sustained militarism, fragmented communities, marginalised subordinated groups, supply intolerance and deepened crises of democracy (Scholte 53). These adverse effects of globalisation as encapsulated in the following terms disempowerment, marginalisation, expulsion and inequality (Prempeh 596) cultivate and encourage racial discrimination, especially so that historically racism has been an effective ray in rationalising and covering-up exploitation (Shah, section 1, par. 2 Sivanandan, par. 1) in favour of the powerful.Globalisation proponents proudly claim globalisation has equalised the playing field for all nations and races in almost all spheres of life thus, it has transcend ed nation-states that today we are more(prenominal) than our nationality but citizens of the world we are a cosmopolitan a multi-cultural world free from national prejudices. With this red-faced picture being painted about globalisation, this world could have been a better and safer place to rest in. But then, why do we have ogre things such as ethnic tensions/wars (Greek Albanians BBC News), racial profiling (Monbiot, par. 2), racial crimes like racial bombing (Racist bomb BBC News) and race riots (Spain Struggles BBC News), and war on terrorism (Bidwai, par. 18-19)?With these grim pictures around the world, anti-globalisation forces see globalisation nothing but a tool of neo-liberal foodstuff forces to systematically exploit the economy of the world through racism, sexism, xenophobia, and other oppressions (Gorski 4).Anytime, anywhere and anyhow, racism is evil. It is damaging as it disempowers people by

Effect of Force Majeure or Act of God Essay Example for Free

Effect of Force Majeure or Act of God EssayIf upon the happening of a bring inless event or an act of God, there concurs a corresponding fraud, negligence, delay or violation or contravention in any manner of the tenor of the obligation as provided for in Article 1170 of the civic Code, which results in loss or modify, the obligor cannot escape liability. It has been held that when the negligence of a person concurs with an act of God in producing a loss, such person is not exempt from liability by showing that the immediate cause of the damage was the act of God. To be exempt from liability for loss because of an act of God, he must be free from any previous negligence or misconduct by which that loss or damage may have been occasioned. Fortuitous Event an event which could not be foreseen, or which, though foreseen is inevitable. immanent Characteristics of a Fortuitous Event1. Cause is independent on the will of the debtor2. Impossibility of foreseeing or impossibility of avoiding it to be foreseen even if foreseen 3. Occurrence renders it impossible for debtor to fulfill his obligation in a normal manner and 4. Debtor is free from any participation in the aggravation of the injury to the creditor. world(a) Rule No liability in case of fortuitous eventExceptions1. By contrary promise in the contract2. Declared by law e.g. Art 552(2), 1268, 1942, 2147, 2148, 2159 of the New Civil Code 3. temperament of the obligation requires assumption of risk when expressly declared by law 4. When the obligor is in default or has promised to deliver the equal thing to 2 or more persons who do not have the same interests (Art. 1165 (3)) Art. 1174. Except in cases expressly specified by the law, or when it is otherwise declared by stipulation, or when the nature of the obligation requires the assumption of risk, no person shall be responsible for those events which could not be foreseen, or which, though foreseen, were inevitable.If the accomplishment of this Ag reement, or any obligations hereunder is prevented, restricted, or interfered with by reason of fire, flood, earthquake, explosion or other casualty or accident or act of God strikes or labor disputes fight or other violence any law,order proclamation, regulation, ordinance, demand or requirement of any governmental authority or any other act or condition whatsoever beyond the clean control of the bear on party, the party so affected, upon giving prompt notice to the other party, shall be forgive from such performance to the extent of such prevention, restriction or interference provided, however, that the party so affected shall take all reasonable steps to avoid or remove such cause of non performance and shall resume performance hereunder with dispatch whenever such causes are removed.

International Relation East-Asian Essay Example for Free

International Relation East-Asian EssayIn the outgoing century, substantial changes have interpreted place in the internationalistic arena especially when it comes to the relation among state. The end of the Cold fight had condition way for the linked States of America to achieve supreme power and authority as compared with other states in the world when it comes to its influence over international relation. In line with this, it cannot be prevented that the authority and influence of the unify States have a large impact on other countries, especially Asian states. Being the case, it is inhering that international relation is given due consideration and importance, especially in terms of the relation of the United States with Asian countries. The work of Ikenberry and Kang discusses international relation in terms of the respective power of the United States and Asian countries and the way by which power affects relations among states. Ikenberry argued that in studying inte rnational relations it is necessary that power, in the form of natural capabilities is given importance.He asserted that the power disparities among states are one of the causes that generate credential and insecurity, which also has an influence on what states want and what they can get (Ikenberry, 2003, p. 24). The main concern of the article written by Ikenberry is the issue concerning the way by which unipolar international hostel varies from a bipolar or multipolar order in terms of characteristics and functions. Specifically, he studied the shift from the bipolar system during the Cold War to the face up day American-centered unipolar system. more(prenominal)over, Ikenberry also identifies the changes that characterized the behavior of states as well as international regain and order (2003). Ikenberry concluded that the unipolarity of the international system is attributed to the power of the United States, especially in terms of material capabilities. The United States has a large influence in the foreign policy and international outcomes that affects other states, especially those in Asia. As such, Ikenberry suggested that the patterns of foreign policy and events in the international arena can be wear discerned if unipolarity will give way to bipolarity or multipolarity.In another view, Asia is seen as one of the most authorized continent in the international community. Thus, it is important for the international community to have good relations with assorted kinds of states in Asia most especially with china. Provided that China is the largest country in Asia, its power and influence is undeniably strong. More so, there is a need for the United States to have strong relations with China. In the article provided by David Kang, he pronounces that the Chinese power is the most important authority in Asia.He stated that Chinese weakness had led to the chaos in Asia. When China is strong and stable, order has been preserved. The picture of Asia that emerges is one in which China, by virtue of geography and power as the central player in Asia (Kang, 2003, p. 182). Therefore, the hierarchy of China is a vital issue with the family of the west with Asia. It is also mentioned that the course of development of China shall be the progress of whole continent. Thus, it is the leader for development among any other states in the region.In addition to this, it is pointed by Kang that there is a huge importance with the hierarchic position with the Asian super power. Through the relationship of different entities and the possible hierarchy of China, there is a great possibility that changes will be present in the whole international community. In the discussion of Kang, he strongly mentioned that the changes are not inevitably positive for the whole international community. More so, the influence and power of China will result to a lot negative results.On the other hand, it is given attention that there is a worry with the progre ss of Asia. Provided that the past European continent was conflictual it is also assumed that China together with other Asian countries shall have the mistakable experience as Europe. However, in the perspective of Kang, as China and Asia are leaning to a a great deal peaceful community, peace shall also be attained. In conclusion, the context of hierarchy is important in the international community. Both authors have the different perspectives regarding hierarchy.More so, Ikenberry presents that international order is reliant to the hierarchy present in the international community. On the other hand, Kang states that the influence of China is important with the order of the international community. Through the order of China and Asia in general, there will be peace in the relationship of the whole worldwide community. Therefore, the authors have laid various kinds of arguments that revolve with the importance of hierarchy in the global community.

Nurture as Predictor of Happiness Essay Example for Free

Nurture as Predictor of Happiness EssayNature versus Nurture as Predictor of HappinessIntroduction Happiness is unrivalled trait that is quite difficult to define and formulate in kind-hearted cosmoss since different great deal create different things which they happen brings gaiety to them which may be the complete opposite in other people (Phoenix, 2007, pp.104). One thing that may raise dictatorial emotions in one individual may raise the opposite negative emotions in another person, therefore making it quite difficult to involve a clear cut definition of ecstasy. This tends to raise the suspicion of what exactly always makes one able and what are the relative importances of nature versus nurture as forecaster of happiness in human beings. According to Phoenix (2007), The behavior of people and other animals cannot be unsounded with give away taking account of the enamor of their environments as well as their biology (Phoenix, 2007, p.104). This means that happiness as part of human beings can be an influence of nature or nurture as the master(prenominal) predictors of the happiness of an individual. People who conducted interrogation and came up with the various cause of happiness or the predictors of happiness moldiness have experienced happiness at one point during their lifetime (Spoors, et al, 2007, pp.5). This could simply indicate that all(prenominal) human being has the chance and opportunity of experiencing happiness in the life at one point. It is not quite easy to provide a straight forward definition of happiness which can be used in general at any time when there is reference to be make concerni8ng happiness. However, happiness may be said to be simply a form of mood which is affirmative and tends to cover a certain variety of emotions which may range from being delighted or level(p) satisfied and conversely (Spoors, et al, 2007, pp.5). The higher up definition is totally opposed to the dichotomy, because the dicho tomy is divided into two parts, for example, satisfaction and sorrow, which are mutually exclusive and simultaneously create a whole. A proven example is a wedding the brides. Mother cries for daughters wedding, but simultaneously she has joy in it. This happiness is associated with feelings and emotions that people feel the depending on the situation in which they find themselves. In correlation with this, it can be utter(a) of happiness and unhappiness cannot be viewed as opposite or mutually exclusive (Spoors, et al, 2007, pp.5). According to the assumptions of this concept, the involvement of happiness, which you want each person is driven by human activities, and at the same time a source of satisfaction, fulfillment, and sometimes a sense of success. Therefore, the benefits associated with happiness include better health, well-being, a lot greater activity level, willingness to help, and better relationships with others. People who are considered to be unhappy tend not to have the above mentioned emotions and they rarely display such emotions since they have not been able to experience happiness, or even the activities which causes happiness in human beings (Spoors, et al, 2007, pp.5). When a top dog is asked about what makes hu8mna beings happy, most of the people would put primary(prenominal) focalisation on the kind of thoughts they have, the kind of relationships that they have which can include close relationships and those that are not close. Furthermore, the question on what makes one happy will also make one to put focus on the ideas since it is the one that generates the thoughts which in turn are closely related to the relationships that people have. The factors which act as the determinants of happiness have nature and to some extent have nurture. A healthy lifestyle and a happy brain this nurture issues, because in order for us to have a sense of wellbeing and happiness, our brains and bodies pauperism a consistent source of food and oxygen (Spoors at al., 2007, pp.26 9, material). Therefore, it can be agreed that the main causes of happiness which have been suggested as most common include the relationships, the brain and the thoughts. Spoors (2007) observes that for human beings to have a sense of happiness or even well being, they must be able to live a healthy lifestyle as well as have constant supply of oxygen for the performance of the body and the brain. Furthermore, Many people on high protein, high fat, low carbohydrate diets have inform unusually high feelings of anger, tension and depression, as observed by Spoors (2007). This means that for one to feel happy or have the sense of well being, they must have sufficient balanced diet and also constant supply of oxygen for a healthy body and a healthy brain. From search conducted by Davidson, people inherit some genes which make one have a genetic predis arrangement of happiness to a certain level, although this does not mean that there are people who are innate(p) unhappy or gloom while others are born happy (Spoors, et al, pp.26-9). According to Shakespeare (2005 edition), There is null either good or bad, but thinking makes it so, meaning that what one thinks greatly contributes to them being happy or not. People tend to focus on negative aspects of life whenever they feel they have low spirits. This in turn affects their happiness and instead leaves them feeling much worse. The natural environment where one lives and the kind of nurture and experiences in life contributes to the way one thinks and influences the thoughts that one has, which in turn have been observed to influence the happiness that an individual will display. This clearly indicates that the thoughts that people have play a major role in them being happy or unhappy. Ellen and Judy (1976) conducted a research and they found out that when people are able to control small issues that affect their life, they are in better position to enhance their ha ppiness (Spoors et al, 2007, pp.53-7). From research which was conducted by Richard Layard (2005), it was observed that there are seven major factors which influence happiness in human beings but the main factor that was identified was close relationships. This same musical theme was supported by Robert Lane (2000, p. 6), who identified close relationships with families and friends to be great factor that increased human happiness (Spoors et al, 2007, pp.83-5). The views presented by the various researchers regarding the causes or the predictors of happiness are quite convincing considering the kind of research that they have presented is in-depth. Human beings do things because of how they feel and most of the actions are more influenced by nature and nurture, which in turn determines the happiness that human beings display. Therefore, it can be said that nature and nurture are both important determinants or the predictors of the happiness of human beings because they all have dir ect influence on the thoughts, the brain activities and the kind of relationships which people have during their lifetime.ReferencesPhoenix, A. (2007) Identities and diversities in Miell, D., Phoenix, A. and Thomas, K. (eds)Mapping Psychology, p.104.Spoors, P., Finlay, L. and Dyer, E. (2007)Starting with Psychology p.5 26-9 53-7 83-5Source instrument

Was the Civil War Inevitable Essay Example for Free

Was the elegant War Inevitable EssayWas the gracious War inevitable? This was one of the most controversial arguments in American history. Personally, I think this war would happen sooner or later. The long-term cause was the distinguishable ideas on the slavery system between the North and the South. After the Confederates attacked Fort Sumter, the Civil War began. thraldom was the biggest problem between the North and the South. The economy in the south relied on agriculture. The owners of big plantations required thousands of slaves to crap for them in order to earn profits. Oppositely, in the north, the industrial revolution began. Plenty of new factories were built and they mandatory lots of workers. At the same time, lots of immigrants from countries such as Germ either, Britain and Ireland, came to the north. Almost all of them had the same subroutine which was to achieve the American Dream.They believed that if they worked hard, they could be rich eventually. They strongly opposed the slavery system because roughly of them were poor in their countries. They believed that everyone was born equal and people should be treated equally, too. As the population grew chop-chop in the north, the situation in the House of Representatives changed as well. The South now had fewer representatives and fewer advantages. They were sincerely horrified. There were several key events heated up the rivalry and led up to the Civil War, near of these were the Wilmot Proviso, Bleeding Kansas, Dred Scott decision in the Supreme Court, trick Brown at Harpers Ferry and the military deed in Fort Sumter. The Wilmot Proviso claimed that neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist in any part of said territory (Remini, Page 127).Finally the Proviso was passed and southerners were angry about it. Later on, in Kansas, violence erupted between free men and slaveholders that degenerated into a local civil war (Remini, Page 137). It brought the latent hos tility between the North and the South into a higher level. Dred Scott, a black slave, sued for his freedom and citizenship. After that, what John Brown did really brought virtually kind of horror to southerners. He led a raid that he hoped would ignite a slave insurrection (Remini, Page 140). He seized the federal arsenal there and killed some southerners. The direct cause of the Civil War was the military action at Fort Sumter. President capital of Nebraska decided to provision Fort Sumter in the Charleston harbor. Confederates attacked the fort and the Civil War began. In my opinion, the American Civil War was inevitable.The root cause was the existence of the slavery system. Itslowed down the industrial development of the North, notwithstanding helped the plantation system in the South. Both sides argued whether slavery should be allowed in the new states or not. They had no way to come up with an agreement. After Lincoln was elected to be the president, some southern states forego the legal jointure and formed a new Union. In order to protect and maintain the Union of the states, the battle between the North and the South finally started. As a result, throughout the American Civil War, the slavery system was abolished in the United States. It really cleared the barrier of capitalism, which was the slavery system, and spurred the U.S. economy quickly on.

The war on drugs and the United States criminal justice system Essay Example for Free

The war on medicines and the United States criminal judge strategy EssayCompiled by Drug Policy Alliance. August, 2001. Prohibition will work great trauma to the cause of temperance. It is a species of intemperance within itself, for it goes beyond the bounds of reason in that it attempts to control a mans appetite by legislation, and makes a crime out of things that ar not crimes. A Prohibition faithfulness strikes a blow at the very principles upon which our government was founded. Abraham Lincoln The link between racial dissimilarity and the war on drugs exists not only in the United States but also throughout often of the world. In one country after another racial and ethnic minorities be targeted and persecuted in the create of the war on drugs. Criminal laws often focus on psychoactive drugs used by nonage populations, while other more(prenominal) commonly used drugs are legal, and their abuse properly treated as problems for health care providers, not crimin al justice systems. In most countries, racial and ethnic minorities are disproportionately targeted, arrested, prosecuted and punished for drug offenses.The reliance on incarceration as the principal means of penalization in the United States has escalated to the point that there are now more than 2 million Americans in the countrys state and national prison houses. The United States imprisons more of its citizens than any other nation in the world. Blacks, Latinos and Native Americans are over-represented throughout the U. S. prison system. However, nowhere in the criminal justice system is the disparity between the arrest, detention, assurance and sentencing of sight of color and Whites more brut completelyy obvious than in the case of the war on drugs. racialism Permeates Drug Law Enforcement.Unequal give-and-take of minority group members pervades every stage of the criminal justice system. Racial profiling, street sweeps, buy and bust operations and other police activities ask targeted people in street level retail drug transactions in low-income communities of color. Blacks and Latinos are victimized by inequitable intervention by police by racially skewed charging and plea bargaining decisions by prosecutors by discriminatory sentencing practices and by the failure of judges, elected officials and other criminal justice policy makers to redress the inequities that have come to permeate the system.The rate of drug admissions to state prison for black men are thirteen times greater than the rate for white men. A recent report by Human Rights catch out found that while drug use is consistent across all racial groups, Blacks and Latinos are utmost more likely to be arrested and prosecuted and given long sentences for drug offenses. Blacks constitute 13 percent of all drug users, but 35 percent of those arrested for drug possession, 55 percent of persons convicted, and 74 percent of people sent to prison.(1) Nationally, Latinos comprise almost half of those arrested for marijuana offenses(2) and Native Americans comprise almost 2/3 of those prosecuted for criminal offenses in federal courts. (3) The racial bias of the drug war is exemplified by the 100 to 1 disparity in prison sentences for crack versus powder cocain. As scientists and courts alike have declared, there is no rational basis for distinguishing between crack cocaine and powder cocaine. Nonetheless, in 1994, 90 percent of persons convicted of federal crack cocaine offenses were Black, six percent Latino, and less than four percent White.Federal powder cocaine offenders were 30 percent Black, 43 percent Latino, and 26 percent White. (4) Domestically, U. S. drug policy is fueled by historical bias against racial minorities used to justify their disproportionate presence in the penal system. The squeeze these policies have had on social structures and political power in Black and Latino communities has been devastating. As a result of the war on drugs poor communit ies of color have been politically weakened by laws that disenfranchise voters for felony convictions and provide economic incentives for rural communities to embrace prisons as a form of economic development.The prevailing surmisal about prisons in many locales is If we build them, they will come. There is a self-perpetuating, cyclical quality to the treatment of Blacks and Latinos in the U. S. criminal justice system. Much of the discrimination visited upon these groups stems from the perceptions of criminal justice decision-makers that (1) most crimes are attached by minorities, and (2) most minorities commit crimes.Although empirically false, these perceptions cause a disproportionate share of law enforcement heed to be directed at minorities, which in turn leads to more arrests of Blacks and Latinos. Disproportionate arrests fuel prosecutorial and judicial decisions that disproportionately affect minorities and result in racial disparities in incarceration. The accumulated effect is to create a prison population in which Blacks and Latinos increasingly predominated, which in turn reinforces the misperceptions that justify racial profiling and punitive drug policies.Recommendations Affluent predominantly white suburban communities have long recognized that the drug war train not be fought only on the incarceration front. Alternatives such as drug treatment and schooling are mainstays of white, middle-class efforts to reduce drug abuse in their neighborhoods. A strategy centered on such demand reduction efforts makes sense The Rand Corporation has estimated that investing an additional $1 million in drug treatment programs would reduce by fifteen times more serious crime than enacting more needed sentences for drug offenders.(5) But when it comes to the presence of drugs in poor communities of color, the response of policymakers is to build prisons rather than treatment facilities. If the government of the United States is truly committed to eliminat ing racial discrimination in the criminal justice system and fulfilling its responsibility as a party to CERD, there must be an end to racial profiling, mandatory minimum drug sentences, and civil disabilities for felony convictions.Police, prosecutors and other criminal justice decision-makers must be held accountable for their discretional decisions. Moreover, there must be clear acknowledgement on the part of the U. S. government that the war on drugs is a failed policy that is doing more harm than good, particularly to people of color.Notes 1. Human Rights Watch Report penalty and Prejudice Racial Disparities in the Criminal rightness System, May 2000 Vol. 12, No. 2 (G). 2. John D. Couriel, deliver It Real Recasting the drug debate in terms of accountability and opportunity.3. U. S.Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, American Indians are Violent Crime Victims at Double the Rate of the General Population, news release, Feb. 14, 1999 4. 1. 4 million black men o r 13% of the black male adult population are disenfranchised, reflecting a rate of disenfranchisement that is seven times the national average. 5. Jonathan P. Caulkins, et al. , Mandatory Minimum Drug Sentences Throwing Away the separate or the Taxpayers Money, Rand, Santa Monica, 1997, p. xxiv.

The Wall Street crash was responsible for the depression of the early 1930s Essay Example for Free

The Wall Street crash was prudent for the depression of the aboriginal 1930s EssayHow further do you agree with the view that the Wall Street crash was responsible for the depression of the early 1930s?The Wall Street Crash was certainly a major cipher in the depression of the early 1930s, as said in source 3, setting off a devastating frugal collapse. However, it was not the sole reason for the depression but only a segment. The prudence was rotten salutary before the Crash in areas such as agriculture, industry and the banking system which had outlying(prenominal) more significant consequences. The Wall Street crash was certainly responsible, to a certain degree, for the scotch downturn which brought USA to its knees through the 1930s. The frenzy of unregulated speculation which had fuelled the huge stock market bubble, with stock prices far outrunning economic growth, had burst. When panic selling began investor anxious to minimize losses sold as fast as possible. Th is quickened the fall in share prices. As stock values plummeted with industrial stock falling by 50 per cent between September and November 1929, business confidence evaporated. The lenders, often including large banks, which had been fuelling the boom, called in their money and the market collapsed.When people werent able to repay loans to ticklish banks, which lacked sufficient reserves, bankruptcies and bank failures multiplied. However, as the accredited historiographer David Reynolds states In itself the stock market crash of October 1929 was not decisive, in any case only close to 1% of the population owned securities in 1929. The importance of the stock market crash was that it showed an economic early which was uncertain. As a result millions of Americans cut back on consumption and brisk debts which caused a wide contraction in the economy as a whole, as Aggregate demand dwindled.It is certainly brighten that poor health of American agriculture, which had been suff ering through the 1920s and did not share in the boom, had such(prenominal) more responsibility for the economic depression compared to the Stock market crash. In 1929, American farmers annual income stood at an average of $273 a year, well below the national average of $750 and their hard times as well as lack of purchasing power was an important factor.The 1920s had been a period of overproduction which had drive down the price of agricultural produce this problem was further exacerbated by the huge amounts of imports from countries such as Argentina. As, incomes fell, farmers fell behind with mortgage repayments and loans used to invest in new equipment. This was critical as often of this business had been done with rural banks with limited capital. Which were highly vulnerable to sudden large-scale withdrawals or runs. receivable to hardship on the agricultural economy which had a direct impact on the rural banks, roughly 5000 collapsed between 1923 and 1930. As stated in s ource 3, Farmers, badly off to begin with, entered a new era of adversity.though the adversity of farmers was an important in bringing about the banking crisis, it was only a trigger, there were much more fundamental flaws exposed by the depression. As stated in source 2, at the 1920s there were 30,000 independent banks in existence in the United States which made the banking system fragile to the extreme. Unlike Great Britain, there had not been the consolidation of small banks into a few giants which could withstand an economic storm. Combined with the lack of federal regulation were no federal deposits insurance system existed, the allowance of banks to practise purely speculative loans and hold limited capital for security against shocks was an important element of the depression, and the severity of it.Though the to the highest degree important reason for the economic depression is linked to the Stock market, agriculture and the banking system the utilisation of the federal government. It was the failure of the Republican Administrations, who embraced a free-market laisse faire economic model, to effectively control an overheating economy which caused the ruinous downturn seen in the 1930s. As shown by its failure to regulate the banks efficiently. Also The Federal Reserve bank kept money tight when it should have encouraged spending to stimulate economic growth. It made it tight to borrow by maintaining high interest rates. This forced banks to call in loans and sell assets to maintain liquidity, resulting in the price of property and shares to experience renewed falls.As stated in source 1, the United states narrow economic policies of protectionism, looking to secure American industries in the domestic market, limited foreign markets that could be tapped. The outperform example would be the Hawley smooth tariff act which effectively chocked off international trade. This is supported by source 3, which states, by the summer of 1932 imports and e xports had dropped to only a third of 1929 levels. In essence the macroeconomic policies of Hoover, the president, and the republican administration were utter failures in stimulating the components of aggregate demand undeniable to combat the depression. Through its fiscal policy of high interest rates, when low interest rates were need to encourage borrowing and spending or its fiscal policy of rising taxes to pay for public spending, taking away money from consumers which needed to American goods for there to be growth.In conclusion the Wall Street Crash certainly contributed to the economic depression, but as D. McCoy said, it was more a trigger-one that was a symptom of deeper and more complicated causes. He was referring to cripple state of American agriculture which left millions of Americans in poverty, the fundamental flaws of the banking system which collapsed when economic pressure was applied. However, the most important reason for the depression was the failure of th e Republican government. To control an overheating economy, this now was trying to advance itself, with cataclysmic consequences for the economic welfare of the average American.

Keyboard and a mouse Essay Example for Free

Key circuit board and a blow raiseThe twain hardwargon that I used to give this website are a Keyboard and a black eye. The need to ictus data quickly and accurately has led to a wide range of input devices. For this be after on that point are non many choices of hardware that I could have used other than the mouse and the nominate board. I could have used some other software such as concept keyboard, lifelike table, touch screen, a scanner and a digital camera but these were needed due to the project that I was producing being so simple and did not need the help of these hardware. The advantages and disadvantages of a keyboard and a mouse areHard ware Advantage Disadvantage What else could I have used Key board It is very simple to use and comes free with a computer that you get. This has every key and letter rear end to suet us to give us the most comfort. This it is not wireless and that it cant be moved farther form the computer and there are only letters and n umbers on it and most of the functions of the keyboard are hidden. It is only in English so other languages could not be typed in by this qwerty keyboard. I could have used a concept keyboard which would have been til now simpler to use.Mouse The advantage if using a mouse is that it is very simple to sue and has two buttons. This makes it very easy to use and anyone could easily take to use this moue. The mouse is very accurate and is very sensitive so that the curser moves to the exact speed and verity as you prefer. The mouse could not always be the correct size to make it comfortable to use. The mouse that I used was not wire less and had a rollers ball at the bottom which could baseborn that the sensitivity of the mouse could decrease as time goes by.I could have used a bright tablet. This would have been ideal for drawing things such as the logo and for designing the web foliate to the actual details that you prefer. theatrical role of Software In this project I used one major software which is called Serif web summation. on that point are many groundss why I choose this website alternatively of any of the other more(prenominal)(prenominal) famous software that that are out there. unmatched of the main reasons why I chose this software to produce the website was because this is a very easy and simple software to use, This does not have many confusing steps.I preferred this software instead of Microsoft Front Page due to FrontPage being so confusing and so hard to use. Web Plus 9 breaks d give birth the technical barriers, enabling anyone to create their own lord looking site. As with all Serif software, this Web creation superstar is full of features that make it simple, easy-to-use, sizeable and quick. With Web Plus enhanced interface, incredible graphic presets, Web design functionality and publishing capabilities it is even practicable to create a webpage within two hours. But the pineer you take the more detailed and more accurate th e web site will be.Software Advantage Disadvantage Serif Web Plus There are many advantages to this software. One of this is that this software is very simple to use and you might even be able to create a finished and a working website in within two hours. both thing on this software is very easy to access and is very easy to use. One you start using this software you will find out how easy it is to create a website from scratch. There are a lot of variety of choices of colours, pictures, text, buttons and many other shapes that could be used to build your own website.This is one of the easiest web authoring software to create a link that I have come across. Every thing on this software is very simple and the page that you will be creating could only be a size of an A4 sheet. If you use software such as FrontPage you could make the page as long as you desire to fit the information you wish to enter. There a lot of things that you can not do using this software. This software seems to cause a lot of freeze in the computer sometimes and some the functions are too complicated to use or to learn.I could have used Microsoft FrontPage instead of this software but the MHC manager just wanted me to create a simple web page that included everything that they wanted me to include in this. I chose this software over FrontPage for one main reason and that is because of Serif Web Plus being so simple to use and the FrontPage which is very complicated and very advanced software to make a website on. Candidate chance on Niroshan Sivarajah Candidate Number1177 Centre Name Archbishop Lanfranc Centre Number 14334.

Greek and Roman Mythology Essay Example for Free

classical and Roman Mythology EssayIn the times of the ancient Greeks and Romans, there were many things that held similarities as well as things that were not as similar, wondrous trading and agriculture skills, great warriors, architecture, and mythology just to name a few. However, their livelihood values were opposing, the Romans were more apt to take what they wanted without regard for life, whereas the Greeks were more in tune with Nature. The Mythology that they divided up was similar but different in the aspects as how they saw their deities. Their matinee idols and Goddesses were not worshipped as that of the Christian God of today.The Greeks were more focused on life here on earth and the ideas and thought that a mans worth was judged here in this life and his right deeds and services would observe him onto the afterlife. Whereas, the Romans believed that good deeds done on Earth would follow them to heaven, if they were done properly and enough of the good deeds were done, then they themselves would become Gods. The Romans deities were not gender specific because they did not have characteristics that were associated with their actions, unlike the Greeks Gods and Goddesses.When you read about the Mythologies of the Greeks and Romans, you will hear the similarities in the stories of their deities. One of the famous Goddess names you whitethorn remember is Venus, the Roman Goddess of love and Aphrodite, the Greek Goddess of love, they both share the same aspects of being the Goddess of love. There has been brusk to no influence of these cultures religions on todays society, however, one cannot help but wonder, what would the world be like if they had progressedReferencesNoriega. B., (February 24, 2006.) Greek vs Roman Mythology, Associated Content, Retrieved July 20, 2010 from http//www.associatedcontent.com/article/19648/greek_vs_roman_ mythology_pg2.html?cat=9

Child Abuse and Major Long Term Essay Example for Free

churl Abuse and Major Long Term EssayDescription of the possible hallows, tokens, indicators and behaviours that may concern in the context of safeguarding Children argon usu ally iniquityd by someone in their immediate family cycle. This undersurface include parents, brothers, sisters, babysitters and other familiar adult. Children can be abused by age of up to 18 age and they likely to be at risk of physical injuries, sexual abuse, neglect, aflame abuse or communicative abuse. Child abuse can have major long term effects on all aspects of a childs health, development and well being. The main forms of maltreatment are Neglect sign A child come to school usually with dirty skin, hair and clothes or without jacket crown in winter. Children in the school may opinion hungry and tiredness or being leftover alone unsupervised. Even then they are sick not taken to GP for medical treatment. A child frequently absent from school and beg steal food or money. Possible symptom A child appear to be indifferent and a child seems apathetic depressed. Also the a child behave irrationally or in a bizarre manner. - clashing of neglect Impact of neglecting a child can cause brain damage and also have psychological implications much(prenominal) as cognitive delays or emotional difficulties. Psychological problem often manifest as steep risk behaviour problem, depression and anxiety in children Emotion abuse When a child feel furious, sad and crying and behaving inappropriately in the class that mean he is being emotional abused. subscribe to When a child is being emotional abused he may chose dark colour to key on the paper. Feeling low self esteem, seeking attention from others, behaviour difficulties, continual rocking, hair twisting, decelerate development Possible symptom CYP leave delayed in languages development and play skills and have afflicted ability to enjoyment in play. Not trusting other and tone of voice nervous all the time. CYP will feel gu ilty, ashamed and withdrawal of social interaction. Their mode will change and they frequently blaming others people. -Effects emotional abuse is the most difficult form of a child maltreatment identify and to prevent. Babies who are emotionally abused may slow or fail to develop. carnal abuse Signs Physical abuse is when children are being physical abused by someone. This can be involved hitting, biting, punching,kicking, burning, scalding, shaking, throwing or beating with aim such as stick and belt. It also includes poisoning, giving a child alcohol, drug Symptoms Practitioner take aim to have acknowledgement of physical abuse and there signs to protect children from harm. Any injuries which parent doesnt pronounce practitioner or children may not received medical treatment, can raise concern of abuse. former(prenominal) children may refused to change clothe on PE day because they want to hide their injuries signs -Effects Physical abuse can lead child physical injuries, dis ability and in extreme cases can cause death. Physical abuse has been link to emotional aggressive behaviour in children as well as can cause learning difficulties. Sexual abuse sign Recurrent urinary infection, genital and rectal itching, inventory in under paint and soreness, inappropriate behaviour and regarding age and ability, children may feel lack of trust, retroflection and become isolated and withdrawn Symptom CYP will behave aggressive and disruptive behaviour and feeling afraid when they left alone. Difficulties in walking and setting and wearing so many layer of clothe. deviate in behaviour around specific person and try to avoid familiar adult. Sexual performing and inappropriate sexual play. Also lack of interest playing with friend, sport and any other activities in the school. -Effect The severe effect of sexual abuse can be on children they may offend mental health problem, depression, identity confusion, behaviour difficulties and also emotional problem.Refere ncesDescribe That Possible Signs, Symptoms, Indicators and Behaviours That May let Concern in the Context of Safeguarding. http//www.studymode.com/essays/Describe-That-Possible-Signs-Symptoms-Indicators-878910.html(5/11/2012) Describe That Possible Signs, Symptoms, Indicators and Behaviours That May Cause Concern in the Context of Safeguarding http//www.silkysteps.com/forum/showthread.php?t=13536 (5/11/2012) Recognizing Child Abuse and Neglect Signs and Symptomhttp//www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/factsheets/signs.cfm(6/11/2012) Meggitt C (2011) collect Level 3 Diploma Children and Young People

Special Education Teachers Essay Example for Free

Special teaching Teachers leavenThe current directions toward inclusion are varied. Some hear opinions that students with mild and apply disabilities will be rigid in classes. Then, there are also those who say that special direction students will be move in inclusion, including those with the most severe disabilities. Definitions of inclusion already abound including issues on its subsequent translation into programming. On the question, Which students with disabilities will most benefit from inclusion, the different levels of responses are Level 1Students with mild disabilities get in full-time in regular education classrooms. Students with moderate to profound disabilities attend separate classrooms on the regular education camps. Level II Students with mild and moderate disabilities participate full-time in regular education classrooms, with the excreta of all pull-out programs. Students with severe or profound disabilities would be served in a separate classroom on the same campus. Level III All students participate in regular education classrooms except students with the most severe disabilities who would be in normalized and age-appropriate classroom on the same campus. Few students are excluded.Level IV Despite the degree of disability, all students are fully included in general education classrooms. Specialists and tenet assistants provide support for students with the most severe disabilities within the classroom. The regular education teacher is responsible for structuring sociable interactions with typical peers. The least inclusive marriage offer places most students with mild disabilities in regular classes, but excludes those with moderate through severe disabilities, placing them in separate rooms within the regular school building (Lilly, 1986).This proposal is closest to the traditional manner of service delivery and is the easiest to implement in terms of using unattached special educators as support personnel and providing training in methods for regular education teachers to include these children. much inclusive is the proposal to place students with mild or moderate disabilities in regular education classes (Reynolds Wang, 1983 Wang, Reynolds Walburg, 1987). The internality and meaning of inclusion evolved from the diachronic concepts in early childhood special education, that is, mainstreaming and integration.Bricker (1995) discusses the evolution of these terms, noning that mainstreaming refers to the reentry of children with mild disabilities be served totally in these settings eliminating the need for pull-out programs. While students with organically-based learning disabilities or moderately demonstrated behavioral disorders would not moderate been included in regular education rooms in the Level I proposal, they would be included here. Yet, proponents of both levels agree that there will be students with severe and/or multiple disabilities whose demand will not be served optimally in a mainstream environment.They feel that these students will need to participate full-time in separate settings. Level III includes a more extensive involvement of firmly impaired students in regular education. All students are included except those who are unable to be involved in academic or social interactions (Gartner Lipsky, 1987). However, even these students would participate in nearby classrooms which would be as normalized and age-appropriate as possible. The most extreme view is that of full inclusionists, who propose that all students should participate in general education classes.Claiming that to do otherwise would be to support a dual-system for the most disabled, Level IV proponents propose the integration of even profoundly-impaired students into totally normalized classes (Stainback Stainback, 1984). This position has prompted the strongest reaction of implausibility from those opposed to the Regular Education Initiative. Yet parents and professionals supporting L evel IV inclusion do acknowledge that there are situations in which these students cannot be grouped with other s because of instructional differences. Thus, the Regular Education Initiative gives a mind of inclusion for students.Yet, a number of researchers and educators have opposed the Regular Education Initiative strongly. They cite the historical inability and lack of desire of regular education to meet students needs. That is the reason why the IDEA cropped up. They get about the loss of funding and parental right. They also note that most regular educators are not trained to have students with disabilities in their classes. They say that teachers cannot meet societal demands for excellence if they are expected to have vastly different levels of student academic and behavioral performance in their classes.

The Implication of EPOS Systems

The Implication of epic SystemsWilliam hill is a major book sop upr worldwide, with only both over s causay years experience in offering fast services. It is currently one of the leading looseness companies in the UK, where it operates over 1600 forebode stocks, serves over 800,000 encounterting slips apiece day via phone (standard and mobile), and recently began Britains first interactive digital television lead devoted all in all to playing menstruum (Lee 2004). It is the countrys around successful earns fun confederacy in a country where over four million people bet in on production line sport rooms every month (Thomas 2004). William cumulus was the first major gambling formation to offer online sporty, opening its website in 1996 (Lee 2004).The William hillock culture pairs low-cost, low-risk vehemence in businessdecision making with a volitioningness to be sophisticated, curiously inregards to manipulation of technology (Hargrave 2004)). This makes it all theto a greater extent surprising that the arrangement has waited so long to follow outelectronic doom of bargain ( heroic poem) machines in its betting lead astrays. spellthese atomic number 18 expected to make the high society to a greater extent(prenominal) than advantageable, efficient, andcompetitive, the implications of these machine span across the governance. Of specific interest is the military unit of the formation on thepeople involved, traditionalisticly an important part of William hillockssuccess. This study seeks to consider the possible benefits and freeinges to William Hill from the slaying of the heroic poem system. ternary specific argonas of attachment atomic number 18 the effect of the machines oncorporate and local patronize culture, whether the EPOS system volition summation efficiency, and whether the system will get to increase competitiveness.The objectives of this study are to critically examine the introductionof an electro nic point of sale system as implemented at William Hill.Specifically, this study aims to examine the strategic considerationsof the EPOS and how its strong point usher out be optimised. The studybegins with a review of literature and research available about WilliamHill, the firms operations, and EPOS systems in general. ThisLiterature Review serves as a instalation for understanding analysis ofthe rest of this work.Following the Literature Review, of first consideration will be theeffect of EPOS on the corporate and local culture of William Hill.Will EPOS produce or detract from affirmative aspects of current culture?Will the increase in customer learning and the ease of its analysis make water new customer groups into traditional betting knock offs? If so, whatwill be the effect of this on the shops and their regulars? How willstaff react to the changes caused by the EPOS system? Will EPOS changehow customers and staff interact? How does the introduction of EPOScompare to t he effect of technological advances on workers in general? The second objective is consideration of the efficiency of the EPOSsystem. It will be compared to the traditional manual betting systemit replaced, with analysis of improvements in or negative cause ontime and cost. Has William Hill become much efficient, and moreimportantly more effective, with the introduction of EPOS? It is abetter organisation as the result of automation? Finally, the study seeks to project the effects of EPOS on WilliamHills competitiveness. Will the system encourage customers to switchto William Hill? Can the organisations market place share be expected toincrease? What are the boilersuit results on a holistic, corporate levelof automation, and how depose the firm best implement much(prenominal) technologywithout undermining its established strengths? What is the or sostrategic counselling the system can be implemented, and how can it closelygreatly benefit the organisation as a whole?This s tudy seeks to address these questions through the study ofinformation and data provided by William Hill and in literatureavailable about the firm, interchangeable gambling companies, and electronicpoint of sale systems in general.It is anticipated that the EPOS system will be found to increaseefficiency and competitiveness for William Hill, albeit at well-nigh changeto and possible loss of culture. This is anticipated to be an overallpositive innovation, however, increase profit across several gamingplatforms, allowing for improved marketing activities, and increasingmarket share for the social club. The system is anticipated to provide afaster, more accurate, and more secure way of processing bets, inaddition to generating data relevant for market analysis.Many articles about William Hill, including the companys ownpublications, describe the organisation as an innovator (William Hill2005). This is certainly the case, and low-cost, low-risk strategyhasnt kept the firm from pursu ing technological advances and marketexpansion in many areas, the most recent organism the installation of anEPOS system in its betting shops. The company currently provides fourvehicles for gambling traditional betting shops, phones-basedbetting, including via mobile phones, Internet gaming, and interactivedigital television. Plans to expand into casino gambling energise beentemporarily shelved, as the Gambling vizor under consideration by thegovernment straight appears less likely to benefit gaming organisations whoexpand into casinos (WH Annual fib 2005). All of these may beeffected and maybe benefit from the introduction of EPOS machines.EPOS can support all four major betting vehicles, and enhance how theycan work toget her to increase the number of customers, repeatcustomers, and customers spend.Traditional betting shops, excessively called sell shops, stay on thebackbone of William Hills operations. The retail division contributed166m of the pounds 232m, or almost se venty-two percent, of the totalprofits brought in by the organisation in 2004 (WH Annual Report2004). The shops also provide a credibility and recognisable brandseen as contributing to the success of other gaming vehicles (Thomas2004). The retail shops are the location of the EPOS machines, and arelikely to be most effected operationally and culturally by theirimplementation. Demographically, the customers of William Hillsbetting shops tend to be older than customers using other bettingvehicles (Hargrave 2004). It has been observed that shop customers arealso predominantly male. Internet gamblers are demographically younger, and many remove neverentered a retail betting shop (Hargrave 2004). They often participatein a manakin of online games in addition to traditional odds betting.They are likely to hop from site to site, and show tiny loyalty toany one gaming organisation (Thomas 2004). Online gambling firms musttherefore work harder to differentiate their site from the many ot hersavailable. As over time a natural consolidation of the market islikely to go along, those organisations that can reinforce their marketpositioning are more likely to succeed (Thomas 2004). William Hill hasthis positioning as a sector leader with multiple gambling vehicles.This positioning will be enhanced by the EPOS system, a way to linktraditional shops with their credibility and market presence, to thefirms online offerings. The whatsis of EPOS and the organisations electronic vouchersystem could encourage online gamblers to consolidate their gamingactivity with William Hill. The EPOS support William Hillsintegration of their online business and local shops, with onlinecustomers now able to deposit money into or draw from accounts at anyWilliam Hill shop. The voucher system allows customers to depositmoney or withdraw winning from any William Hill shop. This wasoriginally handled over the counter however, the new EPOS system nowallows the ideal system to be handled by mach ine (Anon 2003).This has the voltage to increase both shop-based and onlinebusiness. For example, a thirty-something life story woman might behesitant to frequent one of William Hills betting shops, perceivingthem to be historically male-dominated, older, and perhaps evenworking-class. However, she is on her way to do some shopping, anddecides to quickly draw off her recent online winnings. She stops in abetting shop, and has a positive experience. It is clean, well run,with professional, courteous staff. She can draw on her winningseasily using the EPOS terminal. Because the woman has a favourableexperience with the increase and people in her transaction, she is materially more likely to use the EPOS terminal again, and to stopin the betting shop. William Hill has possibly converted an onlinecustomer to an online and shop customer. Similarly, some shop regulars may eschew credit cards. Online gamingis therefore unavailable to them. EPOS in combination with WilliamHills combined online and shop accounts allow these customers todeposit cash at their local betting shop, and use those funds foronline bets. This has the potential to further increase the firmsonline customer base. Internet customers may be further intrigued bygaming options offered online that go beyond their options via shops orthe phone. Using the Internet to place traditional bets, for example,increases the chance these customers will try arcade or casino gamesavailable online, thereby increasing the types of product purchased(Anon 2003). This expands the purchase mix for William Hill, andincreases the likelihood of larger total purchases per customer.A allude for management should be the potential of one gaming vehiclesuch as the Internet to draw customers away from the firms othervehicles, in effect cannibalising its own operations one for theother. William Hills most recent Annual Report acknowledges thisissue (2004). The company has analysed profit and other financialdata, and is confide nt that no cannibalising is taking place. Allthree gaming vehicles in operation for the year have shown carry out in the mouth toimpressive growth, with no indication of one taking customers at thedetriment to the others (WH Annual Report 2004).Phone betting, including mobile betting via WAP technology, is seen bymany as the gaming vehicle of the future (Hargrave 2004). The EPOSsystem could contribute to the expansion of phone betting by making iteasier to draw on winnings and deposit funds for future bets. The OffTrack Betting organisation in New York City, USA, found lines andcustomer wait time reduced by up to forty percent at some outlets withthe implementation of sundry(a) betting and point of sale machines (OTB2003). The system can similarly support William Hills newest venture,interactive television. There are questions whether the firms brandis strong enough to support a television channel, although thepotentials for increased revenue are significant (Hargrave 2004). Theo rganisation does non intend to broadcast many sporting or otherbet-producing events, given the prohibitive cost of doing so. Rather,the television channel will offer number generated betting options, aswell as gambling games similar to those offered by the firm on itswebsite (Hargrave 2004). This allows the non-computer literate toparticipate in betting outside of traditional shops. Their anonymityand entranceway to gambling increase, both of which have been cerebrate toincreased consumer spend (Anon 2003). Non-computer literate gamblersare no longish bound by the restricted hours of the betting shop, andcan play a variety of gambling games through their televisions(Hargrave 2004). The EPOS s ystem supports this gaming vehicle in thatthese customers must have some way to deposit money for their gamblingactivities and withdraw any winnings they may have. The EPOS systemallows them to do this conveniently and with the same discretionafforded to them by interactive television or th e Internet gamblingvehicles. mavin potentially negative effect of the EPOS system is simplification ofcustomer loyalty. Loyalty occurs when a consumer experiences goodproduct at a reasonable price and convenience, with acceptableservice. If these expectations are met, the customer is likely torepeat the shopping experience. Over time, the customer forms a habitof this shopping experience, which thusly develops into an location ofloyalty (Duffy 1998). One component of loyalty development is staff,and in particular customers interaction with staff. The peoplerepre displaceing an organisation and the service they provide can make orbreak a customers purchasing experience (Garavan 1997). The EPOSsystem will replace some functions currently performed by people, whichmay have a negative impact on both customers and reposeing staff.Repeat customers make up a significant portion of retail bets in thegaming sector, and many have established some form of relationship withretail staff. The se relationships contribute to the loyalty or habitsof customers, causing them to frequent one gaming retailer, and therebyincreasing the customer spend at that shop (Anon 2003). This customersegment may feel overlooked with the replacement of some stafffunctions by machines. For example, a man regularly frequents hislocal William Hill betting shop, gambling regularly as a hobby, but notto the gambling addiction level of play. His visits to William Hillmay be for him the same as another persons frequenting a neighbourhoodpub in this case he has the opportunity to interact with others whoshare his interest. The super acid denominator in such social interactionwill often be the shopkeeper or retail staff ( gamble and Gamble 2005).If this social interaction is lost, the customer may switch to asimilar s hop operated by another organisation where such interactionis supported. Fortunately for William Hill, the other major bookmakerswith whom it competes have already implemented EPOS sys tems, makingthis customer loss less likely to occur (Hargrave 2004).The EPOS removes the feeling of being disloyal to shop staff by bettingonline instead of at their establishment, which could also potentiallycontribute to lost customers. Customers who shop at one establishmentfor a long terminus of time may feel guilty or embarrassed when changingto another store. They may try to void contact with staff from theirprevious shopping preference if they have been trying out other storesfor a period of time (Gamble and Gamble 2005). With the reduction ininteraction between William Hill staff and customers caused by the EPOSsystem, the customers may no longer have social need to continue to betexclusively or predominantly with William Hill.Another possible loss is to the William Hill culture, particularly thatof local shops. Steve Smethurst quotes David Russell, William Hillsgroup HR director, as acknowledging, Once we have that in place theEPOS system, the requirements on shop manage rs to get back bets will begone that challenges the very core of what people have been doing foryears (2004, 36). For one thing, the introduction of the machinesreduces the number of staff need at each shop. The company has nostated plans for layoffs, but also has not addressed the impact EPOSwill have on staff (WH Annual Report 2004). This may be in part to thetraditionally high turnover in some segments of the gaming business,although more prevalent in the telephonist position that in retail shopstaff (Smethurst 2004).Management of gaming organisations need to examine the importance ofpeople in their product differentiation. Consideration is called forin examining the fact that all the major betting shops now utiliseelectronic point of sale technology, and much of this is produced bythe same company, Alphameric Red Onion (William Hill PLC 2004). If onecan access the same machines at any shop, and each has similar bettingoptions, what would cause the customer to frequent one sho p overanother? While some online gaming organisations seek to an image ofglamour and escape to paradise after a long day at work, this type ofpositioning is more effective for the casino venturing into onlinegaming than the traditional betting shop down the street (Thomas2004). Re-branding a company as old and established as William Hillwould be difficult, expensive, and unlikely to be effective. Nor is it possible for any one gaming establishment to differential itsproduct on price in the long-term. The EPOS system will produce costsavings compared to the former manual bet-taking and managementinformation systems (WH Annual Report 2004). This cost savings occursfrom reduction in staff needed to operate a betting shop, more speedyprocessing of bets, and standardisation of bet cloture by removingthe local human component. The EPOS system also replaces manual inputinto management information systems, allowing increased communicationbetween shops and the corporate offices, and increas ing the companysability to respond to betting fluctuations (William Hill PLC 2004).The firm did incur additional capital investiture expense during 2004due to the purchase of the EPOS system, but the Annual Report indicatesthis is a negligible amount and will be easily amortised. Cost benefits, resulting in increased profits and more competitiveprice structures, in combination with lack of product differentiationin the gaming sector, can be expected to result in increased marketshare for William Hill. This increase should occur across all four ofits gaming platforms, although primarily in Internet, mobile andtelevision sales, as lack of differentiation causes sector-wideconsolidation and the elimination or absorption of little firms byindustry leaders (Thomas 2004). Some market advantage certainly goes to the organisations with the most(and most convenient) locations. William Hill CEO David Hardingstresses the importance of place in the firms differentiation efforts,contending br anding and convenience are the most important factors ingaming choice. People always underestimate the guiding principle ofbetting, and thats to make it convenient, he states, branding willalways remain dominant, and as long as you make it easy to gamble,people will do so (Hargrave 2004, P20). Along this line of thinking,over time the sector power of larger organisations with theirestablished shop sites will cause market consolidation, squeezing outsmaller firms (Thomas 2004). This then further enhances theconvenience of the shops of large-sector players. Organisations thatcan integrate their various services, as described above in theinteraction between internet gamblers, William Hillrquote s voucher system, and EPOS machines in the local retail shops, also have an advantage in the convenience department. However, loss of personal touch is something William Hill should beseriously considering. Atomisation historically causes loss of jobs,and William Hill employs more than 10,000 pe ople 8,500 in shops,1,000 in call centres, and 1,000 in support (Smethurst 2004, 36).People, particularly retail staff, play a major role in product andorganisation differentiation within a service-based firm such asWilliam Hill. This is particularly relevant as the company pridesitself for its rigorous hiring practices and top-notch staff. WilliamHill undertook a complicated pre-hiring screening process to help thecompany control it was bringing in workers with the best possible jobfit (Smethurst 2004). For example, the human resources department atWilliam Hill identified the motivational factors that make someonegood at a job, then formulated a profile of the ideal front-line staffperson (Smethurst 2004, 36). This profile was used to c reate anautomated telephone screening process that was used with all initialapplicants to the retail shops. The company then sends potentialrecruits through interviews and role-play exercises in the lead making a joboffer (Smethurst 2004). All the se evaluate the situation as well as theskills of potential employees. Smethurst quotes Russell as saying,you can add skills to people, but if they had the wrong attitude inthe first place then its not passing game to work (2004, 36). HopefullyWilliam Hill management has considered the possible impact on staff andtheir attitudes in their implementation of EPOS machines.Human Resources Consultant Richard Samson of the EraNova Instituterecently presented his theory of out-peopling (Frauenheim 2001). Justas jobs can be off-shored from one country to another, so jobs can beout-peopled, going from work performed by people to work performed bymachines. While this can offer short-term advantage, Samson arguesthat similar potential losses are likely in the long-term. Most ofthe work tasks done now by people will be done by smart technologywithin twenty to thirty years (Frauenheim 2001). speculate loss causesanger and resentment amongst those put out of an organisation, andoften-sympathe tic bad attitudes with workers who remain. This shouldbe of particular relevance for a firm so concerned about workerattitude that they developed a complex and expensive screening processto ensure proper attitude amongst new hires. Remaining employees alsobecome even more key to the generation and maintenance of customerloyalty, as the fewer employees with whom an several(prenominal) customerinteracts, the more important the quality of interaction with theemployee becomes (Garavan 1997).Reduction in employees in proportion to machines can also go thepublics perceptions of the organisation. William Hill is a companythat promotes service as part of its corporate image. This serviceinfers a level of caring amongst those at the company for theircustomer (Company Website 2005). If the customer begins to viewWilliam Hill shops as simply a place lined with electronic kiosks, muchlike the gambling version of the local Laundromat, this image of caringservice is no longer projected. This ca n contribute to customerloyalty and repeat purchase over the long-term. Management must find away to maintain its positive corporate image, therefore, while going earlier with its atomisation and cost-saving plans.Loss of jobs also creates macroeconomic impacts for both the sector andthe country. This has historically been evidenced across manysectors. In agriculture, for instance, small farms that once requiredan full(a) family to run have been swallowed up and consolidated withlarge commercial ventures that employ many machines and few people(Gottheil 1999). Economic impacts of rapid changes in job availabilityand employment can destabilise an entire economy. If unemploymentsoars and discretionary income plummets, William Hill and other gamingorganisations will likely see a sharp drop in profits, as they are adiscretionary spend for most consumers (Gottheil 1999). More machines also lead to the increased likelihood of gamblingabuse. The University of Sydney, Australia, undertook a significantstudy of the effect of gambling machines, atmospheric state machines, and EPOSsystems on gambling abuse and addiction (Blaszczynski, Sharpe andWalker 2001). They found customers were more likely to abuse gamblingor display addictive conduct when gaming places were primarilymachine-serviced. The more people involved in gaming transactions, theless likely addictive behavior was evidenced, unless such behaviourwas encouraged by the staff involved (Blaszczynski, Sharpe and Walker2001). They additionally found limiting the combination of machines,such as removing ATM machines from shops where EPOS and similar wereavailable reduced addictive behaviours.Also, while gambling addicts are often profitable in the short-term togaming establishments, too many people suffering from this malady hastraditionally led to public outcry, tightening of gaming regulation,and increased taxes on winnings (Blaszczynski, Sharpe and Walker2001). It is in the best interests of all involved, ther efore, forgaming organisations to strive to increase customers gambling spendingwithout crossover voter the line into gambling addiction. The University ofSydney study showed that slowing the timing on machines, for example,reduced the likelihood of display of addictive behaviour Blaszczynski,Sharpe and Walker 2001. Research and findings such as this should bestrongly evaluated by William Hill management to ensure the optimum useof gaming machines in its shops.Still, not withstanding possible detractions to the organisation, theEPOS system offers many potential benefits to the William Hill firm.Electronic point of sale technology will enable the bookmaker to take,settle and pay bets electronically, record information from suchtransactions in a primeval software system, display and distributetargeted betting opportunities and manage estate-wide risk (WilliamHill PLC 2004). Of these benefits, the two most intriguing from acorporate standpoint are the ability to gather data and profi lecustomers, and the resulting use of such data in creating targeted andevent-specific marketing.The EPOS system also allows for extensive capture of customerinformation. Data generated from customer input can include the numberand frequency of bets, the type of events bet upon, the average amountof each bet, and much more. This allows the firms management tocreate customer profiles, representing current and target consumergroups. (Woodruff and Gardial 1996). For example, a middle-agedcustomer bets on traverse races every other Friday. He distinctively bets onthe favourites, in the total spend range of pounds forty to sixty, witha typical mix of eight to twelve bets of three to five pounds each.Since he frequents William Hill, the company can assume some level ofretail brand or local shop loyalty. The firm would like to see thecustomer bet more often, and in greater amount. Because they havecollected this data on the customer through the EPOS system, they cansend him direct, target ed advertisements for dog races, and bettingwithin his favoured range. If they can attract him to place a betoutside his pattern, they have potentially increased his regular spendin addition to this one betting event (Smethurst 2004). Data gathered from the EPOS system can also be used to create customerprofiles, which can then be targeted for marketing and event-specificadvertising. William Hill noticed from similar data gathered on itswebsite that many were registering but not betting. They hired aprivate firm to assist them in converting this web traffic into betting(Lee 2004). The firm dual-lane website registrants into four randomgroups. One group was sent nothing, one was sent a service-led followup email, one was sent an offer-let follow up email, and one received areminder email that they had yet to place a bet. The company was ableto testify that service- and offer-led email follow up increasedthe number of registrants who became bettors by more than five percent(Lee 2004 ). If an experiment such as this can have such positiveresults with random groups, imagine the impact of targeted emails andadvertising on William Hills customer base.Another benefit to the company is that electronic point-of-saletechnology will increase the efficiency of William Hills bettingoperations. Prior to the EPOS system, all bets were placed andrecorded manually in betting shops. In an oversimplified explanationof the manual process, a customer would place a bet by natural endowment a writtenticket to a retail shop staff member, who would give them a receipt inreturn. The customers bet would be recorded in the shop, and if theywere entitled to winnings, these would be settled by the shop manageror designated staff person. The organisation had various managementinformation systems into which data from individual shops was recorded,and this was forwarded to the central offices on a regular basis(Caldecote 2004). Issues for management with the manual system include both the a ccuracyand breaker point of reporting. For example, under scrutiny regarding theannual amount of unclaimed returns at William Hill, David Hood claimedthe company was uneffective to quantify annual unclaimed returns because thepre-EPOS reporting system did not record or allow for such (Caldecote2004). This type of information is vital to managements analysis ofthe overall health of the organisation, in addition to profit and losscalculations. The detail of information provided by the EPOS systemwill easily rectify these reporting difficulties. The electronicsystem will also save time, allowing data from each shop to be capturedalmost instantly (William Hill PLC 2004). This enables the company tocalculate statistics and perform analysis on events as they occur, forexample. In a time-sensitive business such as gambling, this can be ofgreat advantage.Another benefit is that the EPOS system potentially allows William Hillto expand business hours at reduced cost. As it reduces the need forstaff, betting shops can remain open longer for the same staff costs.Longer hours give customers more opportunity to bet, increasing thelikelihood of more customers betting because of the enhancement inconvenience, and increasing the amount customers are likely to bet, asthey are in the betting shop for a longer period of time. Morecustomers and more spend mean more profit, and potentially more marketshare, all of which are naturally favourable to management (Woodruffand Gardial 1996). Increased efficiency typically leads to increased competitiveness,provided the firm is being efficient about the right activities.William Hill was a bit behind its competitors, being the last major UKbookmaker to implement an EPOS system. It faces one primary competitorin the broader sector, Ladbrokes, and a slew of smaller competitors,primarily in the online market (Thomas 2004). While many of thesesmaller competitors are striving for differentiation along a variety oflines, William Hill holds to its position that its company branding andstatus will carry it through against such firms. It has the advantageover Ladbrokes of being in the online gambling arena longer, and hasstepped forrad of them in its entry into television. Ladbrokes has alarger number of traditional shops, however, which must be factored ingiven William Hills emphasis on the importance of convenience andplace in its loyalty strategies (Thomas 2004, Hargrave 2004). Ladbrokes also has employed EPOS for a longer time, and has thereforeincreased the integration of the machines and the data they generateinto its overall business and marketing strategies (Hargrave 2004).The two have similar brand recognition, and are viewed as primecompetitors. Given Ladbrokes already uses an EPOS system, it is morelikely that increased market share for William Hill will come from theelimination or absorption of smaller competitors, rather thansignificant customer win from Ladbrokes. Findings of the analysis of available litera ture concerning WilliamHill, EPOS systems, and potential benefits and losses are generallyfavourable for the EPOS system. The potential drawbacks of the EPOSsystem include lessened customer loyalty and damage to the corporateimage of a service-oriented firm. Staff attitude and feeling of valuealso have the potential to suffer from automation. The system fits inbroad corporate culture of a firm innovative in its use of technology,but may have a negative impact on employees and could potentiallychange local shop culture. This is particularly important if jobs willbe lost or phased out due to the introduction of the EPOS machines,although the company has not indicated this will be the case. Theorganisation must finally be cognisant during both implementation andcontinued operation of the potential for gambling abuse and addictionusing EPOS and other automated gambling devices, and make an effort toprovide a safe, controlled betting environment.The anticipated benefits of the system, ho wever, outweigh potentialdrawbacks. First, the EPOS system will increase efficiency in how betsare taken, settled, and paid, both increasing security in bettingtransactions and making each transaction faster and less expensive.This provides the firm with the potential to forward such savings tothe consumer, increasing the companys ability to meet or beatcompetitors on price issues. Whether or not any cost savings are passed along to the consumer, thesystem also makes William Hill more competitive in a number of otherways. In combination with the voucher system already in place, theEPOS system greatly increases the convenience afforded to the customerin placing and settling bets, and withdrawing winnings. This increasedconvenience is anticipated to result in new customers, particularlythose drawn from other